Intelligence Customers :: essays research papers

INTELLIGENCE CUSTOMERS The collapse of the Soviet Union has finally brought the cold war to a conclusion in the 1980’s. This collapse brought about a transfer in the global power structure. Threats such as terrorism, nuclear proliferation, narcotics trafficking and organized crime e became more prominent. The United States’ national security policies were revolutionized to be successful against the new risks towards the Nation. It may be assumed that the best group to handle the new pressures of the world would be the U.S. Intelligence Community, but the unique threats do not harbor the traditional roles that were designed for the U.S. Intelligence Community. Biological hazards such as Anthrax and Small pox, which are both remarkable threats to global and national security, have been collected, analyzed and dealt with by civilian government agencies and academic circles. The Intelligence Community should only use its technology to collect non-traditional intelligence that may infringe on only national and global security issues. There are hundreds of intelligence customers, but there are 14 primaries that come together for national security purposes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To gain a better understanding of intelligence, the term must be defined. Intelligence is when data is collected, organized and becomes useful information. The information is then analyzed and becomes intelligence. The U.S. Intelligence Community supports the President of the United States, the cabinet, Congress, and down to the tactical level of deployed military forces. Each customer is equally as important as the other. The members of the Intelligence Community, also known as intelligence customers are comprised of 14 members: The Defense Intelligence Agency is a major producer and manager of foreign military intelligence. They provide military intelligence to warfighters, defense policymakers and force planners, the Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community in order to support U.S. military planning, operations, and weapon systems acquisition. The National Security Agency is the Nation's cryptologic organization. They coordinate, direct, and perform highly specialized activities to protect U.S. information systems and produce foreign intelligence information. The NSA is one of the most important centers of foreign language analysis and research within the Government. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice. The FBI is to uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal criminal law; to protect the United States from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, and international agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the Constitution of the United States.

Scarlet Letter Chapter 20-24 Questions and Answers

Chapter 20 â€Å"The Minister in a Maze†1. Where have Hester and Dimmesdale decided to go when they leave Boston ? Why do they choose to go to Europe rather than remain in the New World. He and Hester have decided to go to Europe, since it offers more anonymity and a better environment for Dimmesdale’s fragile health. 2. Why does Dimmesdale consider it fortunate that the ship is not to sail for 4 days? He wants to give his last final and most emotionally powerful sermon on Election Day. 3. Dimmesdale considers the timing of the ship's departure to be â€Å"most fortunate! Why? He was to preach the Election Sermon and he could not have chanced upon a more suitable mode and time of terminating his professional career. 4. How was Dimmesdale's trip return from the forest different that his departing trip through the forest? He has much more energy than when he left only two days earlier, and everything looks different to him. Three times in a row he is approached by various people, and he struggles not to utter blasphemy. He is even tempted to teach dirty words to a group of small Puritan children. 5.Dimmesdale suddenly perceives that everything in the town is now different as he returns to it. What has happened? He has a new perception of life and feels like a new man after his meeting with Hester. 6. Dimmesdale, as he walks through town to reach his dwelling, is suddenly struck by urges to do terrible things. What were the four instances in which he was tempted to do evil? He encounters an elderly woman to whom he nearly blurts out a devastating â€Å"unanswerable argument against the immortality of the human soul,† but something stops him, and the widow totters away satisfied. He next ignores a young woman whom he has recently converted to the church because he fears that his strange state of mind will lead him to plant some corrupting germ in her innocent heart. Passing one of the sailors from the ship on which he plans to escape, Dimmesdale has the impulse to engage with him in a round of oaths. This comes only shortly after an encounter with a group of children, whom the minister nearly teaches some â€Å"wicked words. †7. What is Dimmesdale's voyage through the town like in this chapter?He's full of temptation to corrupt everyone he passes by in town.8. Why did Dimmesdale and Hester decide to leave for England instead of any place else?They had decided that Europe, with its crowds and cities, offered them a better home and hiding pla ce than anywhere in America, with its choice between an Indian dwelling and a few settlements along the coast. Also, with the minister’s gifts, refinement, and his education meant he needed to live in a civilized place, the more civilized, the better.9. What did Mistress Hibbins accuse Dimmesdale of?What was Dimmesdale's response? She accused him of making a visit to the forest. He denies it. 10. Why did Hester and Dimmesdale decide to leave for England instead of somewhere else?~SAME AS QUESTION 8~ Chapter 21 & Chapter 22 â€Å"The New England Holiday † & â€Å" The Procession†1. What have the crowds of people gathered in the market-place to witness?The people are celebrating Election Day and gathered to witness the inauguration of the Governor.2. What piece of unwelcome news does the master of the ship on which, she, Pearl , and Dimmesdale are to sail have for Hester?The piece of unwelcome news, the master of the ship on which Pearl and Dimmesdale are to sail tells Hester is that Chillingworth will be joining them on their passage because the ship needs a doctor and Chillingworth has told the captain that he is a member of Hester's party.3. Where does Hester stand during the procession and during Dimmesdale’s sermon in the church?Hester takes Pearl and goes to stand near the foot of the scaffold in order to listen to Dimmesdale's speech.4. Dimmesdale must cross a swamp to return to the scaffold. What happens in the swamp?He falls inside and almost drowns.6. Why does Pearl say that Dimmesdale is a â€Å"strange, sad man?† Because of the demeanor he possesses and his profile.7. What is the New England holiday?Holiday celebrated with a procession involving the Governor and other very good people and soldiers.8. What did Pearl want from Dimmesdale that Hester would not permit?Pearl questions Dimmesdale's love for Hester and her by asking if he loves them enough to walk back to town with them hand in hand.9. Hester's â€Å"spir it sank with the idea that all must have been a delusion.† What's happening at this point? Chillingworth has ruined her plans with Dimmesdale that she had so been looking forward to. It was obvious that he was aware of their plans and decided to travel with them and follow.10. What news does the shipmaster ask Pearl to tell Hester? Same answer as number 2.11. What did Pearl want from Dimmesdale that Hester would not permit? ~SAME AS QUESTION 8~12. Hester's â€Å"spirit sank with the idea that all must have been a delusion.What's happening at this point?~SAME AS QUESTION 9~ 13. What news does the shipmaster ask Pearl to tell Hester?~SAME AS QUESTION 10 and 2~ Chapter 23 â€Å"The Revelation of the Scarlet Letter†1. Who empowered Dimmesdale to stand on the scaffold? Hester and Perl carry Dimmsdale to go up on the scaffold and he leans heavily upon their shoulders.2. Describe the most significant thing Dimmesdale does in this chapter. He stands on the scaffold with Hester and his daughter, showing everyone his badge of sin .3.What did Pearl do when standing next to her father on the scaffold? Why? Pearl kisses his lips, his confession has created sympathy in her heart, not just for him, but for her mother, as well.4. Describe what happens to Pearl during this final scaffold moment. As her tears fell upon her father's cheek, they were the pledge that she would change from the cold and distant child that she was, transforming the trouble child she once was.5. What does Chillingworth do in response to Dimmesdale's actions at the scaffold? Why?He tries to talk him out of confessing because once Dimmesdale escapes him, he will have nothing to live forward to.Chapter 24 â€Å"Conclusion†1. What does Hawthorne say about what happened at the scaffold at the beginning of this chapter? That there are many versions, according to people, about what happened during Dimmesdale's â€Å"confession. † Some say his sin was eating him from his heart unti l it appeared on his chest. Some blame it on Roger's drugs. Others claim it was as bright as the one on Hester Prynne's chest. While other claim that there was nothing there, and that his death in a sinful woman's arms was just an act of human righteousness.2. What important lesson has Dimmesdale taught the people of the town? Find a quote that supports this. His death was a parable to teach people that we are all sinners in the eyes of God. After exhausting life in his efforts for mankind’s spiritual good, he had made the manner of his death a parable, in order to impress on his admirers the mighty and mournful lesson, that, in the view of Infinite Purity, we are sinners all alike†¦ nd especially a clergyman’s—will sometimes uphold his character; when proofs, clear as the mid-day sunshine on the scarlet letter, establish him a false and sin-stained creature of the dust(pg. 231). †3. Who did Chillingworth leave his property to? He left everything to P earl.4. What do people think the scarlet letter stood for Dimmesdale’s breast?5. What details do we know about Chillingworth after reading this chapter? That he dies a year after Dimmesdale and leaves all his fortune in Pearl's hands.

Movie Review Breaking Bad - 862 Words

Breaking Bad was one of the original shows I started watching on Netflix’s. From there I was hooked on almost all cop, drug, and violence related shows and movies due to the fact I’m a Criminal Justice Major. One thing I can say about Breaking Bad is that as the season progresses it just gets stranger and stranger. At this point you can visually see a lot of the character changing for either the good or bad. This show I believe gives a great representation of what would happen in the real world if you were to sell drugs. This show doesn’t mask the bad or the good you see all parts, and that helps whoever is watching the show see the true struggles that many individuals face every single day while fulfilling the life of a drug dealer. The in class video we watched on a man selling drugs in a well-known city and what he said helped me greatly put what he dealt with and what Walt deals with every single day into perspective. In Season three of Breaking Bad I believed we learned a lot about each individual character and how they truly feel. The first two seasons slowly introduce you to the show, and all the characters and I now feel like the true colors of these individuals are coming out. Throughout this season if you take out all the violence, and drug selling I focused greatly on the marriage between Walt and Skyler. In this season Skyler finds out about Walt’s drug dealing and threatens to rat him out to the cops. In most cases of family members with drugShow MoreRelatedThe Breakfast Club Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pageswho others believe they are or should be. This becomes a main theme in the movie The Breakfast Club. John Hughes, the director, succeeds at breaking down stereotypes in The Breakfast Club by finding a common denominator between the five main characters which makes them realize they share many feelings and problems. 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In this paper I will examine how it relates back to the topics we have covered in class, like unconscious bias, racism, and police interactionsRead MoreTaking a Look at the Movie Godzilla909 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Godzilla† Review Essay I like movies with a strong female lead. A girl that defies all limits and proves herself to be just as worthy as any man. That being said, I was a tad wary about seeing the new â€Å"Godzilla† movie. The only reason I went was because my boyfriend was very excited to see it and being the dutiful girlfriend I am, I went along with an open mind. My expectations were quite low, since this movie didn’t fit in with my usual genre. I never anticipated to actually like the film. â€Å"Godzilla†Read MoreFilm Analysis Of Seven Pounds By Gabriele Muccino753 Words   |  4 Pagesmoral or ethical decisions are made often to be done. In this way, it allows the film to deliver a neutral picture of business ethics although it is centered of a rare circumstance where good is served by breaking rules or laws. The film develops millions of reviews about how Ben (Will Smith) makes a sacrifice is truly a gift for the people he does it for. Seven pounds did a great job acting and performing were nuanced, layered and authentic was received from each characterRead MoreThe Movie Moonstruck Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagescomedy film directed by Norman Jewison. The movie was released on December 18, 1987, achieving positive reviews from movie critics all over the world. The film went on to gross over $80,000,000 at the box office, making it one of the highest grossing films of that year. The film was nominated for six Oscars at the 60th Academy Awards, winning three for Best Original Screenplay, Best Actress, and Best Supporting Actress (Wikipedia). This popular movie deals with aspects of love, family and love

Knocking Essay examples - 1020 Words

Both â€Å"Knocking† by Rick Hautala and â€Å"The Road Virus Heads North† by Stephen King are masterfully crafted horror stories that lead readers on a psychological rollercoaster. The authors are able to generate such a detailed and in-depth atmosphere that it causes readers to picture themselves in the terrifying situations that they have devised for those reading. Through the evolution of â€Å"monsters†, point-of-view and atmospheric conditions which help to create a mood that engulfs readers both King and Hautala are able to write brilliant horror stories. â€Å"Monsters† do not have to be literal to create an enjoyable piece of horror fiction. King and Hautala are both able to create thrilling stories by utilizing fear of the unknown and exploiting†¦show more content†¦This is ineffective because he is paranoid about the painting and is completely consumed by the thought of it harming him. Paranoia is terrorizing Kinnell similarly to how fear devastated Gordon in â€Å"Knocking†. King is able to turn a used concept into a phenomenal story by perfectly using the third person point-of-view in â€Å"The Road Virus Heads North†. Encounters throughout the story are much more interesting because King allows the reader into the other characters feelings. The third person point of view is best exemplified during Kinnell’s eventual demise. â€Å"The feet coming down the hall now, worn boot heels rapping on polished hardwood. â€Å"A terrible paralysis had gripped Kinnell.† While reading this I could almost hear the way the boots would sound and I began to become tense thinking about something coming. King used the third person point-of-view beautifully to transform an already done topic into an interesting piece of horror fiction. Like â€Å"The Road Virus Heads North† Hautala uses the third person point-of-view which makes an already fantastic story even better. At different points throughout the story Hautala uses third person point-of-view to show you just how psychotic Martin Gordon is. â€Å"No!† he told himself. â€Å"Mother is dead!† Little quotes like this give readers a glimpse into the troubling life of Martin Gordon and effectively allow for you to connectShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem Me333- A Machine Design 2259 Words   |  10 Pagescreate anti-knocking gasoline for internal combustion engines. Although the process has since been refined as a direct result of technological advancement, Ellis s method is considered to be one of the cleanest to date. Anti-knocking gasoline was needed because it helped increase the life and performance of the engine while also decreasing fuel consumption. Ellis s method for creating the stable anti-knock gasoline was developed and paten ted in 1937 and is still relevant today. Knocking is an automotiveRead MoreKnocking Out Interleukin 2 : Developing Ulcerative Colitis2489 Words   |  10 PagesTITLE Knocking-out Interleukin-2: Developing Ulcerative Colitis, or a Way to Prevent it? INTRODUCTION It is of great interest to see how far the scientific community has come across with identifying the genes and functions of each encoding protein. The science brought different interventions, as each gene has the possibility of interaction and the whole cellular environment has a type of role to engage in the complex day to day regulation of our eukaryotic cells. It is very interesting to alsoRead MoreBruce Dawes Enter Without So Much As Knocking: An Analysis1451 Words   |  6 PagesEnter Without So Much As Knocking (p 15 of Sometimes Gladness) Remember, man, thou art but dust, and unto dust though shalt return. This is a translation of the quotation which begins Dawes poem, Enter Without So Much As Knocking. The quote reminds us that life is not forever; and that we are all faced with mortality. The poem itself is discussing a mans journey from birth to death and how all around him life is interpreted by material possessions. At the beginning of the first stanza, theRead MoreBruce Dawe - Enter Without so Much as Knocking + Lifecycle2205 Words   |  9 PagesPoems: Lifecycle – Enter Without So Much As Knocking The poet’s role is to challenge the world the see around them.’ How far is this true for the poetry of Bruce Dawe? How (ie through what techniques) Does Dawe achieve this? Discuss a maximum of 2 poems. Bruce Dawe is one of the most inspirational and truthful poets of our time. Born in 1930, in Geelong, most of Dawe’s poetry concerns the common person – his poems are a recollection on the world and issues around him. The statement ‘The poet’s roleRead MoreAnalysis of the Poem Enter without So Much As Knocking by ruce Dawe615 Words   |  3 Pages‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking’ by an ex-Vietnam veteran Bruce Dawe was published in 1959 and can be found in his Sometimes Gladness: Collected Poems 1954-1992. ‘Enter Without So Much As Knocking’ shows how consumerism has a negative effect on society. The poem portrays the life of a typical man who is living in the suburbs. It begins with the birth of a child. As the baby begins to observe the world he has been brought into, he sees instructions, signs and expectation. Dawe stresses the pointRead MoreEvangelism Is A Vital Aspect Of Church Work1718 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough a door -knocking campaign. Door-knocking can be a very effective tool for gaining contacts and spreading the name of the Lord in a local area. However, door-knocking is only as effective as the participants. This is why we must orient people who are engaging in this work. Since we have already established what a basic evangelism class is about, we want to build upon this foundation. To do this, we train people about efficient door-knocking techniques and why door-knocking is profitable.Read MoreImportance Of Knowledge, Technical And Propositional887 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we have a reason (often based on our senses) to accept something as true. If you invite a friend over to your house and hear a knocking at the door, you may think it s your friend knocking. You have a reason to believe this because they were just invited (you re justified). Truth is a little trickier. For you to know something, it must be true. The person knocking on your door may not be your friend, but a neighbor stopping by unannounced. You think it s your friend (and are justified in thinkingRead MoreDrugs and Alcohol1682 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease awareness. Proposed Actions Use of social media to link and highlight key media that raise awareness. Through official Facebook, Twitter and other accounts of the churches, social media is a strong platform to push information. Door to door knocking and handing out pamphlets is part of a Church’s day to day activities (Archie Poulos, 2010). Within the advertisements, the church can embed information on drugs and alcohol to further increase awareness. Anti-drug and anti-alcohol posters can beRead MoreSearch for an Alternative Fuel Source for Automobiles1645 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasure of motor fuels anti knocking properties and efficiency. Octane number is one of the main properties of gasoline. It is a measure of the anti knocking properties of gasoline. In automobile engines when air and fuel are mixed and compressed it is ignited which then produces the combustion, which sets the piston in motion. When this compression does not take place properly, the fuel is heated too much and explodes producing a knocking sound. This process is called knocking. Fuels containing a highRead MoreAlienation - Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagessignificance, normlessness – lack of social norms, cultural estrangement and social isolation. In the three chosen texts; â€Å"Enter Without So Much As Knocking† by Bruce Dawe, â€Å"Capitalism and Alienation† by Danielle Pioli and â€Å" Be My Brother† by Geneueve Clay, aliena tion is forced upon the characters by external forces. In the poem â€Å"Enter Without So Much As Knocking† by Bruce Dawe, the alienation present is determined largely by external forces. This external force is consumerism, which causes the unnamed

The Citizen Report (2007) attempted to analyze the...

The Citizen Report (2007) attempted to analyze the progress towards realization of MDGs in the Madhya Pradesh (MP). The study found that Madhya Pradesh had huge poverty especially the urban poverty. The decline in poverty was slow. Urban poverty was also the fall out of rural poverty as very and poor move to urban slums to eke out livelihood. The report revealed that the present situation did not reflect that poverty goals could be fulfilled by 2015. Efforts are required to enhance livelihood avenues in rural areas. Non-farm sector development and industrialization need to be given adequate attention. On the education front, the study suggested that efforts are required to make investments for schools so as to increase access†¦show more content†¦Forest produce usage should be in favour of tribal and locals as they can manage minor produce to generate income. Exclusion of people from forest would not help them. Employment guarantee scheme has to be implemented more properly . Labour market information has to be improved and migration controlled. Financing is a major problem. Funds need to be properly utilized for social sector. There has to be short-term, medium-term and long-term plans for financing health related projects. Finances have to be mobilized from both public and private sources. The inter- linkages of various sectors and linkage of economy with outside are important. Trade can work both ways, but efforts should be to use it effectively for betterment of poor. Tax structure requires a re-look to mobilize more resources for investment in social sector. Institutions delivering services are weak and they need to be strengthened and new one created to have greater efficiency. Costing of specific intervention also require attention as it would depend up on institutions and policy environment. Selecting the best delivery system/ mechanism will reduce costs. Most MDGs cost estimates use a one-size fit all approach, based on linear relationships, w hich may not be true always. The cost of expanding the coverage of a service in health and education by an extra ten percentage points, for instance would depend on

Lead Failure So These Issues Are Avoided †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Problems In Project Initiation That Can Lead To Project Failure? What Do Project Managers Feel About Project Initiation Issues? How Can Project Failures Be Avoided With Resolution Of Problems At The Initiation Stage? Answers: Introduction Project initiation is a critical phase of project management as it builds a strong foundation needed for the project success and the project manager has to take steps that affect the chances of success. Several project failures are associated with project initiation issues and research says that 65% of project failures result from problems in the project initiation stage. To be successful in projects, project manager needs to understand the problems that can occur at the initiation stage that can lead to failure so that these issues are avoided. This research would explore project initiation problems from Project Manager Perspectives(Rahman, 2005). Aims Objectives The aim of this research study is to explore the project management challenges at the project initiation stage that can cause failure as per project manager. The objectives of this research would be Exploration of the problems that can occur at the stage of project initiation Understand the perspectives of project managers on project initiation problems causing project failures Recommendations on solutions to these problems such that project failures can be avoided. Project Initiation In the project initiation phase, a high level project plan is developed, the probable risks that are likely to affect the project outcome are explored, and strategic viability of the project is tested. The stage emphasises on the strategic requirements of the project. High level deliverables of the project are identified in this stage that act as foundation for making estimates. Project initiation stage takes the inputs for development of plan from the key personnel through interviews, document reviews and lessons learned from the old projects. A stepwise process is followed that begins with an interview with the customer. In this interview, the strategic vision of the company and the objectives of the project are understood. The objective of this interview is to determine the key problems faced by the customer that are to be solved with the project. Proposed solutions can be reviewed and the scope of the project can be verified by the customer during this interview(Wiegers, 2005). After the interview is done, an internal research can be conducted where other people in the company can also be involved for understanding the current state of the organization including it processes, functions and resource structures. In the case of highly complex project, subject matter experts may also be involved in the research process. Based on the research findings, project requirements are developed with focus on the objectives that the project sponsor wants to achieve(Ding, 2015). At this point, lessons learned from previous projects act as point of reference and these can be obtained from a project repository. The project manager would thus review the lessons recorded earlier and based on the same identify possible risks on the current project to develop a plan for risk management. This could include the review of the risk logs and registered to identify potential areas of concern. The identified requirements are reviewed by the project manager such that objectives and expectations of project stakeholders can be clearly identified and project scope is finalized(Jordan, 2012). Role of Project Manager The project manager is responsible for understanding the needs of the customers and reviewing the project requirements as well as the business case such that the objectives of the project and expectations of the stakeholders can be identified. The project manager needs to identify all the possible project requirements that could be incomplete contradictory, unfeasible or unclear and can cause hindrance in the successful completion of the project at later stages. The project manager defines the final deliverables of the project and communicates them to the project sponsor. Once the scope and budget of the project is approved by the project sponsor, the project manager defines the roles of each project team member clearly considering their levels of authority, experience and expertise in handling project. It is the responsibility of the project manager to develop a cohesive team that is motivated to achieve the success on the project(Levine, 2016). The roles and project plan are communicated to the project team and the stakeholders by the project manager. Thus, project manager plays a very crucial role in bringing success to a project. A project manager takes care of the project scope, cost, and schedule and customer expectations while managing the project. Typically, a project manager would first develop the project scope and project plan and then assign roles while providing guidance to the team as a leader. The progress of the project is then monitored by the project manager who has to ensure that all deliverables are met as per time and if there are problems stopping it from happening, appropriate measures are taken to resolve then. In case of any variances on the project scope, schedule or cost, the project manager would come up with the recommendations on corrective steps. In case there are any conflicts between team members during project execution, the project manager would also negotiate the resolution(City of Chandler , 2000). Elements of Project Initiation There are some key processes involved in project initiation such as creation of the project description, project feasibility study, project concept document, and creation of the project charter. Project statement is a high level statement of the project which describes the characteristics of the project deliverables including processes and products. It also includes the purpose of project execution but it only presents the overview of what would be included in the project. The detailed descriptions of the project processes are provided only in the detailed project plan which is created later based on these descriptions. Project feasibility is an important part of the project initiation process. The objective of feasibility study is to explore constraints, assumptions, and alternatives. Project feasibility study has four key components that include problem description, overview of the approach, solutions, and recommendations. The project concept document includes list of deliverables including what has to be done, why it is important for the project and the business value it would provide on the completion of the project. Project Initiation challenges When taking decisions on projects, certain barriers are faced by project managers in the initiation phase of the project such as: Project Team Frustration: The staff of the project may not have the desire to start working on the design of the solution that is proposed on the project. This can be due to the frustration that may be caused due to several reasons like unnecessary delays, complications, and more in taking decisions for the initiation of the project. If the project initiation is not done properly, it could also lead to frustration in the project team as people would not have the clarity on the objectives and what can be expected from the project. Management Non-Commitment: The project may lack commitment from the top management because of little transparency and lack of appropriate knowledge about the project in them. If they only know the rough estimates and overview of the idea, it cannot motivate top management. Lack of commitment from top management would put initiation processes on hold as they are important for not just getting the approval but also for gaining a clear understanding of the requirements of the project. Lack of commitment is one of the major causes of failure that cannot just affect the project at the initiation stage but also at later stages of the project. Customer Indecision: The customers may not be very clear about the requirement and thus, may not provide the definitions and concepts on what is needed for the product or services that would be delivered through the project. This lack of understanding would cause delays in decisions as the customer would not be able to assess the requirements clearly which would make it difficult for the project manager to initiate the project and prepare the charter for approval. Customer indecisions often happen on projects when the customer is not clear about what the customer wants to achieve with the execution of the project. At this point strategic objectives of the organization can be useful for the planning. There can be more problems that can pose challenges before the project manager making it difficult to move forward with planning for the project such as: Lack of commitment from stakeholders: If the stakeholders buy in is not obtained then it can cause difficulties for the project manager in getting the project requirements in detail that is necessary for the planning. For success of the project, it is essential that the expectations and needs of the stakeholders are met. Thus, project manager needs to ensure that proper communication reaches stakeholders such as their buy-in is achieved. Scarcity of Resources: The project may not have sufficient resources required for completing the deliverables. Finding the right people for the project is difficult and thus, limitation of resources can make it difficult for the project manager to identify sufficient resources for allotment to the project. Lack of Consensus: If the consensus is not obtained between the stakeholders on the objectives of the project then it could lead to problems in creating plan and initiating the processes for the project. Different stakeholders would have different ideas on what the project should attain and what it should not. Lack of clarity on the objectives of a project can kill the project even before it starts. Lack of Business Strategy: If there is no specific business strategy of the customer company that has to b followed then defining strategic objectives would be difficult and if the project outcomes would align with the strategic objectives of the company would remain a question. In the situation where strategic goals are lacking, the starting point for the creation of the project plan would not be clear which would make it difficult for the project manager to make the proposal in the initiation phase of the project. Moreover, getting funds for the project would also be difficult as the business case of the project would not be able to justify its importance, viability, feasibility, and cost (Corporation, 2011). Causes of Project Failure There can be certain mistakes or mismanagement of the initiation phase that can result into the failure of a project such as: If linear approximation is used during estimation of the schedule which is done during the initial stage of the project then the schedule may not remain suitable such that any increase in the scheduled would add cost to the company Wrong time estimation can also lead to setting of unrealistic timescales in the milestones which would make the project impossible to achieve within time without the fast deliveries that may not even be feasible for the project. IF the size requirement of the project is team is not estimated appropriately then it would make it difficult for the team to achieve deliverables on time and the project would then need addition of resources that would add cost to the company at the later stage. Staffing would affect the time requirement on the project which would be affected by the experience and skill of the person. If the staffs are not selected properly which is done in the initiation stage of the project then it would later cause difficulties in achieving deliverables as the resources would not be able to fulfil the skill requirements of the project. Wrong estimation of the cost in the project initiation stage can results into lack of funds if the estimated cost turns out to be lower than the amount that is needed which can cause difficulties in achieving deliverables at the later stage of the project. References City of Chandler, 2000. Project Management Methodology Guidelines, s.l.: Chandler. Corporation, O., 2011. Why Projects Fail: Avoiding the Classic Pitfalls, s.l.: Oracle Corporation. Ding, R., 2015. Defect-Free Project Initiation. s.l.:China Electric Power Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Jordan, A., 2012. The 9 Secrets of Successful Project Initiation , s.l.: AtTask . Levine, H., 2016. TECHNIQUES FOR PROJECT INITIATION , Sunnyvale, CA: Scitor Corporation. Meggs, T., 2016. Major project initiation making the right start, s.l.: MPA. Rahman, R. A., 2005. Why IT Project Fail , Muscat: Audit Bureau of Jordan. Wiegers, K. E., 2005. Project Initiation Handbook, Portland, Oregon. : Process Impact

Just War Theory Essays - Christian Apologists, Doctors Of The Church

Just War Theory JUST WAR THEORY One of the perennial realities of human existence is war. From the earliest recorded events of human history all the way through to modern times, human communities have engaged in armed conflict as a method of dispute resolution. While war has been a constant part of the human experience, there has also been a tendency within virtually all human civilisations to limit the extent of war and the methods by which warfare may be conducted.(1) In Western civilisation, this limitation on warfare has taken shape as an effort to limit both the determination of when war is appropriate and the means used in battle.(2) Within the Western moral, legal, and political arena, the connected questions of when war is appropriate and what means are acceptable in warfare has been the subject of a great deal of examination. The basic theory which has arisen within Western culture to evaluate the legitimacy of military action is called just war theory.(3) The just war theory has received widespread acceptance both within Western culture and in the international community as a means by which a war may be determined to be justified or not.(4) Just war theory, which has both religious and secular proponents, is perhaps the most universally recognised moral theory by which the use of force may be evaluated. II. A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF JUST WAR THEORY A. BACKGROUND ON JUST WAR THEORY Just war theory has a varied and diverse background.(5) The just war tradition includes the contributions of philosophers and theologians dating back to Roman times. As James Tuner Johnson has pointed out, Just war is an historical tradition formed by experience and reflection, including much that is neither specifically theological (or even religious), nor philosophical. It has been strongly influenced by international law, the traditions of chivalry, and soldierly practices derived from the experience of many battles.(6) Just war theory as a method of evaluating military actions has been recognised historically by thinkers as varied as Cicero, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Grotius, and Daniel Webster. It is a theory which has been used by Christians and non-Christians alike to determine whether or not the decision to go to war and the means used to prosecute that war are just. It is crucial to keep this varied and complex pedigree of the just war tradition in mind when dealing with just war theory, otherwise it becomes possible to restrict the breadth and diversity of the tradition,(7) which could in turn lead to a serious misapplication of the theory in a particular circumstance. Understanding, then, that the theory of just war is one in which many sources mingle over the course of centuries, it is helpful to make a brief overview of those sources before delving into the main task of explaining just war theory. B. MAIN SOURCES OF JUST WAR THEORY 1. The Religious Sources of Just War Theory Many of the key thinkers who have expounded on just war theory through the centuries have identified themselves with the Christian faith, both in its Catholic and Protestant varieties. Just war theory has also gained a general acceptance among Christian theologians, philosophers, and jurists as a method of passing judgement on the morality or immorality of a particular conflict.(8) The general Christian conception of just war theory forms the core of secular just war theory and as such has had a tremendous influence on the secular conception of the just war.(9) Early Christian approaches to war were largely pacifistic in nature, due to a focus in the early Church to the notion that Christians were distinct from the rest of society.(10) However, with the growing Christianization of the Roman Empire, and the increasing political and social influence of the Christian Church, Christian theologians during the fourth and fifth centuries began to develop justifications for the use of force which would eventually take shape over time as just war theory.(11) The first major Christian theologian to address himself to the task of determining the circumstances under which war is legitimate was St. Augustine of Hippo.(12) Augustine held that [t]he natural order, which is suited to the peace of moral things, requires that the authority and deliberation for undertaking war be under the control of a leader.(13) For Augustine,